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Menopause
The menopause is the permanent cessation of periods following the end of ovarian function. It is a natural stage, not an illness. Even so, the change in hormone levels can cause symptoms that disrupt daily life and, in the longer term, affects bone and cardiovascular health.
Common symptoms
- Hot flushes and night sweats
- Disturbed sleep
- Mood changes and complaints of forgetfulness
- Vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse
- Urinary symptoms and recurrent urinary infections
- Joint aches, changes in skin and hair
What is assessed at this stage
- Blood pressure, weight, waist circumference
- Blood glucose and cholesterol
- Thyroid function
- Bone density measurement
- Vitamin D and calcium status
- Whether smear/HPV screening and breast imaging are up to date
Treatment options
Not every woman needs treatment. Where symptoms are mild, sleep routine, diet, regular walking and resistance exercise are often enough.
Where symptoms disrupt daily life, hormone therapy may be considered. The decision weighs age, time since the menopause and personal and family history. Non-hormonal medication and locally applied treatments are also available.
Bleeding after the menopause
Any bleeding after the menopause, however slight, must be investigated. The cause is most often benign — but that has to be demonstrated.